The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

HAWC Collaboration; A. U. Abeysekara; A. Albert; J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez; K. P. Arunbabu; D. Avila Rojas; H. A. Ayala Solares; A. S. Barber; A. Becerril; E. Belmont-Moreno; S. Y. Benzvi; J. Braun; C. Brisbois; K. S. Caballero-Mora; T. Capistrán; A. Carraminaña; S. Casanova; U. Cotti; J. Cotzomi; S. Coutiño Deleón; E. De La Fuente; Cederik  de-León; R. Diaz Hernandez; B. L. Dingus; M. A. Duvernois; J. C. Diáz-Vélez; R. W. Ellsworth; K. Engel; C. Espinoza; B. Fick; H. Fleischhack; N. Fraija; José Andrés García-Gonzaález; F. Garfias; M. M.  González; A. González Munoz; J. A. Goodman; J. P. Harding; J. Hinton; B. Hona; D. Huang; F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla; C. M. Hui; T. B.  Humensky; P. Hüntemeyer; A. Iriarte; A. Imran; A. Jardin-Blicq; V. Joshi; S. Kaufmann; D. Kieda; G. J.  Kunde; A.  Lara; R. J. Lauer; W. H. Lee; D. Lennarz; H. León Vargas; J. T. Linnemann; A. L. Longinotti; G. Luis-Raya; J. Lundeen; K. Malone; V. Marandon; A. Marinelli; O.  Martínez; I. Martínez-Castellanos; J. Martínez-Castro; Humberto Martínez-Huerta; J. A.  Matthews; P. Miranda-Romagnoli; T. Montaruli; J. A.  Morales-Soto; E. Moreno; M. Mostafá; A. Nayerhoda; L. Nellen; M. Newbold; M. U.  Nisa; R.  Noriega-Papaqui; T. Oceguera-Becerra; L. Olivera-Nieto; N. Omodei; A. Peisker; Y. Pérez Araujo; E G.  Pérez-Pérez; E.  Ponce; J. Pretz; C. D.  Rho; D.  Rosa-González; E. Ruiz-Velasco; H. Salazar; D. Salazar-Gallegos; F. Salesa Greus; A. Sandoval; M. Schneider; H. Schoorlemmer; J. Serna-Franco; G. Sinnis; A. J .  Smith; Y.  Son; K. Sparks Woodle; R. W. Springer; I. Taboada; A. Tepe; O. Tibolla; K. Tollesfson; I. Torres; R. Torres-Escobedo; R. Turner; F. Ureña-Mena; T. N. Ukwatta; E. Varela; M. Vargas-Magaña; L. Villaseñor; X. Wang; I. J. Watson; F. Werner; W. Westerhoff; E.  Willox; J. Wood; G. B. Yodh; D. Zaborov; Arnulfo Zepeda; H. Zhou; R. Alfaro; C. Alvarez; J. D. Álvarez; M. Araya; R.  Babu; O. Blanco; J. I. Carera Martínez; M. Castillo; O. Chaparro-Amaro; T. De Young; M. Durocher; K. L. Fan; K.  Fang; J. L. Flores; G. Garcia-Torales; G. Giacinti; H. Goksu; E. Hernandez; S. Hernandez

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

HAWC Collaboration, A. U. Abeysekara, A. Albert, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, H. A. Ayala Solares, A. S. Barber, A. Becerril, E. Belmont-Moreno, S. Y. Benzvi, J. Braun, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero-Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carraminaña, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, J. Cotzomi, S. Coutiño DeleónE. De La Fuente^*, Cederik de-León, R. Diaz Hernandez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. Duvernois, J. C. Diáz-Vélez, R. W. Ellsworth, K. Engel, C. Espinoza, B. Fick, H. Fleischhack, N. Fraija, José Andrés García-Gonzaález, F. Garfias, M. M. González, A. González Munoz, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, J. Hinton, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, C. M. Hui, T. B. Humensky, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Imran, A. Jardin-Blicq, V. Joshi, S. Kaufmann, D. Kieda, G. J. Kunde, A. Lara, R. J. Lauer, W. H. Lee, D. Lennarz, H. León Vargas, J. T. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, K. Malone, V. Marandon, A. Marinelli, O. Martínez, I. Martínez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, Humberto Martínez-Huerta, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, T. Montaruli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, T. Oceguera-Becerra, L. Olivera-Nieto, N. Omodei, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E G. Pérez-Pérez, E. Ponce, J. Pretz, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, E. Ruiz-Velasco, H. Salazar, D. Salazar-Gallegos, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, H. Schoorlemmer, J. Serna-Franco, G. Sinnis, A. J . Smith , Y. Son , K. Sparks Woodle, R. W. Springer^*, I. Taboada, A. Tepe, O. Tibolla, K. Tollesfson, I. Torres^*, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, T. N. Ukwatta, E. Varela, M. Vargas-Magaña, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, F. Werner, W. Westerhoff, E. Willox, J. Wood, G. B. Yodh, D. Zaborov, Arnulfo Zepeda, H. Zhou^*, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. D. Álvarez, M. Araya, R. Babu, O. Blanco, J. I. Carera Martínez, M. Castillo, O. Chaparro-Amaro, T. De Young, M. Durocher, K. L. Fan, K. Fang, J. L. Flores, G. Garcia-Torales, G. Giacinti, H. Goksu, E. Hernandez, S. Hernandez

^*Corresponding author for this work

Departamento de Física y Matemáticas

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

40 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.

Original language	English
Article number	168253
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1052
Issue number	168253
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253
Publication status	Published - Jul 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) ; the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics ; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México , grants 271051 , 232656 , 260378 , 179588 , 254964 , 258865 , 243290 , 132197 , A1-S-46288 , A1-S-22784 , cátedras 873 , 1563 , 341 , 323 , Red HAWC, México ; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320 , IN111716-3 , IN111419 , IA102019 , IN110621 , IN110521 , IN102223 ; VIEP-BUAP ; PIFI 2012 , 2013 , PROFOCIE 2014 , 2015 ; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272 ; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana ; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship 180385 ; Generalitat Valenciana , grant CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Chulalongkorn University’s CUniverse (CUAASC) grant ; Coordinación General Académica y de Innovación (CGAI-UdeG) ; Cuerpo académico PRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499 . H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002 . We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Martínez, C. Rivière, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. Vázquez, O. Vázquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support.

Funding Information:
The observatory was constructed with financial support led by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología (CONACyT) of México, and the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DoE).

Funding Information:
We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México, grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 254964, 258865, 243290, 132197, A1-S-46288, A1-S-22784, cátedras873, 1563, 341, 323, Red HAWC, México; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320, IN111716-3, IN111419, IA102019, IN110621, IN110521, IN102223; VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship180385; Generalitat Valenciana, grant CIDEGENT/2018/034; Chulalongkorn University's CUniverse (CUAASC) grant; Coordinación General Académica y de Innovación (CGAI-UdeG); Cuerpo académicoPRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499. H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Martínez, C. Rivière, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. Vázquez, O. Vázquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier B.V.

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10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

Cite this

HAWC Collaboration, Abeysekara, A. U., Albert, A., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Arunbabu, K. P., Avila Rojas, D., Ayala Solares, H. A., Barber, A. S., Becerril, A., Belmont-Moreno, E., Benzvi, S. Y., Braun, J., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carraminaña, A., Casanova, S., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., ... Hernandez, S. (2023). The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1052(168253), Article 168253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

@article{9f4a56180ba043e2ae3a0aeb83b311a4,

title = "The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in M{\'e}xico: The primary detector",

abstract = "The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in M{\'e}xico at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.",

author = "{HAWC Collaboration} and Abeysekara, {A. U.} and A. Albert and Arteaga-Vel{\'a}zquez, {J. C.} and Arunbabu, {K. P.} and {Avila Rojas}, D. and {Ayala Solares}, {H. A.} and Barber, {A. S.} and A. Becerril and E. Belmont-Moreno and Benzvi, {S. Y.} and J. Braun and C. Brisbois and Caballero-Mora, {K. S.} and T. Capistr{\'a}n and A. Carramina{\~n}a and S. Casanova and U. Cotti and J. Cotzomi and {Couti{\~n}o Dele{\'o}n}, S. and {De La Fuente}, E. and Cederik de-Le{\'o}n and Hernandez, {R. Diaz} and Dingus, {B. L.} and Duvernois, {M. A.} and Di{\'a}z-V{\'e}lez, {J. C.} and Ellsworth, {R. W.} and K. Engel and C. Espinoza and B. Fick and H. Fleischhack and N. Fraija and Garc{\'i}a-Gonza{\'a}lez, {Jos{\'e} Andr{\'e}s} and F. Garfias and Gonz{\'a}lez, {M. M.} and {Gonz{\'a}lez Munoz}, A. and Goodman, {J. A.} and Harding, {J. P.} and J. Hinton and B. Hona and D. Huang and F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla and Hui, {C. M.} and Humensky, {T. B.} and P. H{\"u}ntemeyer and A. Iriarte and A. Imran and A. Jardin-Blicq and V. Joshi and S. Kaufmann and D. Kieda and Kunde, {G. J.} and A. Lara and Lauer, {R. J.} and Lee, {W. H.} and D. Lennarz and {Le{\'o}n Vargas}, H. and Linnemann, {J. T.} and Longinotti, {A. L.} and G. Luis-Raya and J. Lundeen and K. Malone and V. Marandon and A. Marinelli and O. Mart{\'i}nez and I. Mart{\'i}nez-Castellanos and J. Mart{\'i}nez-Castro and Humberto Mart{\'i}nez-Huerta and Matthews, {J. A.} and P. Miranda-Romagnoli and T. Montaruli and Morales-Soto, {J. A.} and E. Moreno and M. Mostaf{\'a} and A. Nayerhoda and L. Nellen and M. Newbold and Nisa, {M. U.} and R. Noriega-Papaqui and T. Oceguera-Becerra and L. Olivera-Nieto and N. Omodei and A. Peisker and {P{\'e}rez Araujo}, Y. and P{\'e}rez-P{\'e}rez, {E G.} and E. Ponce and J. Pretz and Rho, {C. D.} and D. Rosa-Gonz{\'a}lez and E. Ruiz-Velasco and H. Salazar and D. Salazar-Gallegos and {Salesa Greus}, F. and A. Sandoval and M. Schneider and H. Schoorlemmer and J. Serna-Franco and G. Sinnis and Smith, {A. J .} and Y. Son and {Sparks Woodle}, K. and Springer, {R. W.} and I. Taboada and A. Tepe and O. Tibolla and K. Tollesfson and I. Torres and R. Torres-Escobedo and R. Turner and F. Ure{\~n}a-Mena and Ukwatta, {T. N.} and E. Varela and M. Vargas-Maga{\~n}a and L. Villase{\~n}or and X. Wang and Watson, {I. J.} and F. Werner and W. Westerhoff and E. Willox and J. Wood and Yodh, {G. B.} and D. Zaborov and Arnulfo Zepeda and H. Zhou and R. Alfaro and C. Alvarez and {\'A}lvarez, {J. D.} and M. Araya and R. Babu and O. Blanco and {Carera Mart{\'i}nez}, {J. I.} and M. Castillo and O. Chaparro-Amaro and {De Young}, T. and M. Durocher and Fan, {K. L.} and K. Fang and Flores, {J. L.} and G. Garcia-Torales and G. Giacinti and H. Goksu and E. Hernandez and S. Hernandez",

note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) ; the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics ; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'i}a (CONACyT), M{\'e}xico , grants 271051 , 232656 , 260378 , 179588 , 254964 , 258865 , 243290 , 132197 , A1-S-46288 , A1-S-22784 , c{\'a}tedras 873 , 1563 , 341 , 323 , Red HAWC, M{\'e}xico ; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320 , IN111716-3 , IN111419 , IA102019 , IN110621 , IN110521 , IN102223 ; VIEP-BUAP ; PIFI 2012 , 2013 , PROFOCIE 2014 , 2015 ; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272 ; Coordinaci{\'o}n de la Investigaci{\'o}n Cient{\'i}fica de la Universidad Michoacana ; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship 180385 ; Generalitat Valenciana , grant CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Chulalongkorn University{\textquoteright}s CUniverse (CUAASC) grant ; Coordinaci{\'o}n General Acad{\'e}mica y de Innovaci{\'o}n (CGAI-UdeG) ; Cuerpo acad{\'e}mico PRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499 . H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002 . We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Mart{\'i}nez, C. Rivi{\`e}re, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. V{\'a}zquez, O. V{\'a}zquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano D{\'i}az, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support. Funding Information: The observatory was constructed with financial support led by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog{\'i}a (CONACyT) of M{\'e}xico, and the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DoE). Funding Information: We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'i}a (CONACyT), M{\'e}xico, grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 254964, 258865, 243290, 132197, A1-S-46288, A1-S-22784, c{\'a}tedras873, 1563, 341, 323, Red HAWC, M{\'e}xico; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320, IN111716-3, IN111419, IA102019, IN110621, IN110521, IN102223; VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272; Coordinaci{\'o}n de la Investigaci{\'o}n Cient{\'i}fica de la Universidad Michoacana; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship180385; Generalitat Valenciana, grant CIDEGENT/2018/034; Chulalongkorn University's CUniverse (CUAASC) grant; Coordinaci{\'o}n General Acad{\'e}mica y de Innovaci{\'o}n (CGAI-UdeG); Cuerpo acad{\'e}micoPRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499. H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Mart{\'i}nez, C. Rivi{\`e}re, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. V{\'a}zquez, O. V{\'a}zquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano D{\'i}az, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2023",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253",

language = "English",

volume = "1052",

journal = "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment",

issn = "0168-9002",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "168253",

}

HAWC Collaboration, Abeysekara, AU, Albert, A, Arteaga-Velázquez, JC, Arunbabu, KP, Avila Rojas, D, Ayala Solares, HA, Barber, AS, Becerril, A, Belmont-Moreno, E, Benzvi, SY, Braun, J, Brisbois, C, Caballero-Mora, KS, Capistrán, T, Carraminaña, A, Casanova, S, Cotti, U, Cotzomi, J, Coutiño Deleón, S, De La Fuente, E, de-León, C, Hernandez, RD, Dingus, BL, Duvernois, MA, Diáz-Vélez, JC, Ellsworth, RW, Engel, K, Espinoza, C, Fick, B, Fleischhack, H, Fraija, N, García-Gonzaález, JA, Garfias, F, González, MM, González Munoz, A, Goodman, JA, Harding, JP, Hinton, J, Hona, B, Huang, D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F, Hui, CM, Humensky, TB, Hüntemeyer, P, Iriarte, A, Imran, A, Jardin-Blicq, A, Joshi, V, Kaufmann, S, Kieda, D, Kunde, GJ, Lara, A, Lauer, RJ, Lee, WH, Lennarz, D, León Vargas, H, Linnemann, JT, Longinotti, AL, Luis-Raya, G, Lundeen, J, Malone, K, Marandon, V, Marinelli, A, Martínez, O, Martínez-Castellanos, I, Martínez-Castro, J, Martínez-Huerta, H, Matthews, JA, Miranda-Romagnoli, P, Montaruli, T, Morales-Soto, JA, Moreno, E, Mostafá, M, Nayerhoda, A, Nellen, L, Newbold, M, Nisa, MU, Noriega-Papaqui, R, Oceguera-Becerra, T, Olivera-Nieto, L, Omodei, N, Peisker, A, Pérez Araujo, Y, Pérez-Pérez, EG, Ponce, E, Pretz, J, Rho, CD, Rosa-González, D, Ruiz-Velasco, E, Salazar, H, Salazar-Gallegos, D, Salesa Greus, F, Sandoval, A, Schneider, M, Schoorlemmer, H, Serna-Franco, J, Sinnis, G, Smith , AJ, Son , Y, Sparks Woodle, K, Springer, RW, Taboada, I, Tepe, A, Tibolla, O, Tollesfson, K, Torres, I, Torres-Escobedo, R, Turner, R, Ureña-Mena, F, Ukwatta, TN, Varela, E, Vargas-Magaña, M, Villaseñor, L, Wang, X, Watson, IJ, Werner, F, Westerhoff, W, Willox, E, Wood, J, Yodh, GB, Zaborov, D, Zepeda, A, Zhou, H, Alfaro, R, Alvarez, C, Álvarez, JD, Araya, M, Babu, R, Blanco, O, Carera Martínez, JI, Castillo, M, Chaparro-Amaro, O, De Young, T, Durocher, M, Fan, KL, Fang, K, Flores, JL, Garcia-Torales, G, Giacinti, G, Goksu, H, Hernandez, E & Hernandez, S 2023, 'The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1052, no. 168253, 168253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector. / HAWC Collaboration; Abeysekara, A. U.; Albert, A. et al.
In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 1052, No. 168253, 168253, 07.2023.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México

T2 - The primary detector

AU - HAWC Collaboration

AU - Abeysekara, A. U.

AU - Albert, A.

AU - Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.

AU - Arunbabu, K. P.

AU - Avila Rojas, D.

AU - Ayala Solares, H. A.

AU - Barber, A. S.

AU - Becerril, A.

AU - Belmont-Moreno, E.

AU - Benzvi, S. Y.

AU - Braun, J.

AU - Brisbois, C.

AU - Caballero-Mora, K. S.

AU - Capistrán, T.

AU - Carraminaña, A.

AU - Casanova, S.

AU - Cotti, U.

AU - Cotzomi, J.

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N1 - Funding Information: We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF) ; the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics ; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México , grants 271051 , 232656 , 260378 , 179588 , 254964 , 258865 , 243290 , 132197 , A1-S-46288 , A1-S-22784 , cátedras 873 , 1563 , 341 , 323 , Red HAWC, México ; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320 , IN111716-3 , IN111419 , IA102019 , IN110621 , IN110521 , IN102223 ; VIEP-BUAP ; PIFI 2012 , 2013 , PROFOCIE 2014 , 2015 ; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272 ; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana ; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship 180385 ; Generalitat Valenciana , grant CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Chulalongkorn University’s CUniverse (CUAASC) grant ; Coordinación General Académica y de Innovación (CGAI-UdeG) ; Cuerpo académico PRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499 . H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002 . We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Martínez, C. Rivière, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. Vázquez, O. Vázquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support. Funding Information: The observatory was constructed with financial support led by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología (CONACyT) of México, and the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and Department of Energy (DoE). Funding Information: We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), México, grants 271051, 232656, 260378, 179588, 254964, 258865, 243290, 132197, A1-S-46288, A1-S-22784, cátedras873, 1563, 341, 323, Red HAWC, México; DGAPA-UNAM grants IG101320, IN111716-3, IN111419, IA102019, IN110621, IN110521, IN102223; VIEP-BUAP; PIFI 2012, 2013, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant, DEC-2017/27/B/ST9/02272; Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana; Royal Society - Newton Advanced Fellowship180385; Generalitat Valenciana, grant CIDEGENT/2018/034; Chulalongkorn University's CUniverse (CUAASC) grant; Coordinación General Académica y de Innovación (CGAI-UdeG); Cuerpo académicoPRODEP-SEP UDG-CA-499. H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. We also acknowledge the significant contributions of former members of the HAWC collaboration: R. Arceo, E. Almaraz, M. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, B. M. Baughman, D. Berley, P. Colin Farias, M. A. Diaz Cruz, D. W. Fiorino, D. Garcia, V. Grabski, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. Jablonski, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Lamprea, S. S. Marinelli, J. Martínez, C. Rivière, M. Rosenberg, P. Vanegas, X. J. Vázquez, O. Vázquez-Estrada, G. Vianello, D. Warner, T. Weisgarber, T. Yapici, and P. W. Younk. Thanks to Scott Delay, Luciano Díaz, Eduardo Murrieta and Janina Nava for technical support. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.

AB - The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151794224&partnerID=8YFLogxK

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U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

M3 - Article

SN - 0168-9002

VL - 1052

JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

IS - 168253

M1 - 168253

ER -

HAWC Collaboration, Abeysekara AU, Albert A, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Arunbabu KP, Avila Rojas D et al. The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2023 Jul;1052(168253):168253. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

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